Diversas organizações não-governamentais especializadas em proteção ao meio ambiente, incluindo a SOS Pantanal e a WWF Brasil, produziram uma nota técnica para avaliar os possíveis efeitos do Projeto de Lei 5482/2020, que tramita na Comissão de Meio Ambiente do Senado, com o objetivo de estabelecer os princípios de uma política de proteção ao Pantanal. De acordo com os pesquisadores, o texto atual não apresenta mecanismos capazes de preservar o bioma, que enfrenta uma crise profunda com o alastramento de incêndios em larga escala.
O projeto, apresentado pelo ex-senador Wellington Fagundes (PL-MT) e sob relatoria de Jayme Campos (União-MT), ganhou força no Senado diante do brusco aumento observado no índice de incêndios que atingem o Pantanal em 2024: apenas nos primeiros cinco meses do ano, a região acumulou 880 focos de queimadas, representando o segundo maior acúmulo desde 2009. O único ano com maior perda de vegetação para o fogo na última década foi 2020, com mais de 2,1 alertas no mesmo período.
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Apesar da urgência para a aprovação de leis que criem condições de preservação do Pantanal, a nota técnica aponta para uma série de medidas importantes que foram retiradas no último substitutivo do projeto, inviabilizando ações efetivas de controle dos incêndios e de demais fatores de desmatamento do bioma. “Dessa forma, o projeto de lei não atende à necessidade de se ter uma lei especial para o bioma, muito menos assegura a sua devida proteção”, concluem as entidades.
A primeira mudança feita no substitutivo que compromete a efetividade do projeto foi a retirada da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Paraguai, conhecida como Cabeceiras do Pantanal, da área a ser protegida pela nova lei. Seus rios são o ponto de origem do alagamento natural que caracteriza o bioma, e a ausência de proteção legal acaba por fragilizar a preservação de toda a região. “Uma vez interrompido o fluxo hídrico para a parte baixa, o Pantanal sofrerá intensa seca e degradação como consequência direta; condição, inclusive, já observada”, alertam as instituições. A bacia sofre hoje com forte ocupação rural, voltada para a criação extensiva de gado.
As entidades também destacam a falta de critérios de licenciamento ambiental que levem em consideração a fragilidade do bioma, com o texto atual preservando atividades nocivas à dinâmica dos rios e aos ecossistemas locais, como agropecuária com uso intensivo do solo nas regiões mais altas do Pantanal, instalação de barragens, mineração em larga escala e garimpo.
Também chamou atenção dos autores do estudo a falta de políticas de proteção e expansão das reservas naturais, bem como de reservas indígenas e de povos tradicionais. O texto ainda carece de instrumentos de restauração de áreas degradadas e nascentes, de fortalecimento dos órgãos de prevenção e combate a incêndios, ou de gestão e estímulo a serviços econômicos que garantam o desenvolvimento sustentável dos municípios do Pantanal.
Por outro lado, as entidades avaliam que a solução mais adequada para o projeto não é o seu arquivamento. “Considera-se que o PL é o início de um texto que pode vir a ser adequado para assegurar a preservação do Pantanal”, pondera a nota técnica. Essa preservação, porém, só será possível se a versão final acrescentar comandos mais incisivos, como a proibição do uso intensivo do solo e a inclusão da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Paraguai.
Confira a íntegra da nota técnica:
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